Abstract: This report presents the hierarchical structure for the control design of an Automated Highway System (AHS). This control hierarchy has four layers: network, link, coordination, and regulation. It is used to model different AHS proposals. Control layers and the internal structure of each layer and the interfaces between then are described. Three basic maneuvers are described: join, split, and change lane. The SmartPath simulation tools are described to enable simulating AHS scenarios. The advantages of SmartPath include providing a graphical interface, providing microsimulation, and also providing distributed simulation, so that different sections of the highway network can be simulated in different proceessors.
Abstract: This article describes the VISSIM simulation system, recently developed in Germany to enhance the development of optimal traffic signal settings. VISSIM can be used in conjunction with traffic controllers using the Swiss VS-PLUS system, which has several remarkable features. VISSIM is a general-purpose computer-based stochastic traffic simulation system, which models links, roundabouts, priority junctions, signal-controlled intersections, and road networks in great detail. It combines measurements of traffic by detectors with a sophisticated traffic flow model. It enables: (1) single vehicle modelling; (2) on-line animation of traffic flows; and (3) off-line reports of travel times and delays. The simulation model and the control strategy are two separate modules. VISSIM can model other phase- and stage-based control strategies without much effort. It is a master program, which sends second-by-second detector values to the (slave) signal control program, which uses the detector values to decide the current signal aspects. VISSIM receives these aspects, and starts the next iteration of traffic-flow starts. VISSIM has been a valuable traffic control tool in several German cities and in Basel, Switzerland and Dublin, Ireland.
Abstract: This paper describes work done on the original PARAMICS project which examined parallel microscopic road traffic simulation. The simulator uses a data-parallel approach to simulate approximately 200,000 vehicles on 20,000 miles of roadway. Recent work has focused on the use of a message-passing paradigm as the target machine. This version is inherently scalable and can model many smaller networks on a broad range of platforms.
Abstract: Computer traffic simulation models are valuable tools for evaluating potential technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) microscopic traffic simulation models, NETSIM, FRESIM, and CORSIM, are regarded as highly comprehensive but somewhat difficult to use. Traphix is a recently developed graphics processor for use with these microscopic models. An overview of the Traphix software development effort is provided, with an emphasis on design considerations that support ITS, followed by a discussion of Traphix capabilities.
Abstract: This document describes the microscopic motorway traffic simulation model MIXIC 1.2 The model is able to assess impacts related to safety, exhaust emissions, noise mission, and traffic performance.
Abstract: This paper describes the recent modifications and enhancements to a component of the TRAF system, NETSIM, in preparation for the Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) era. TRAF-NETSIM is an urban network microscopic stochastic simulation model. These features include: intra-link lane changing logic; detailed intersection simulation; urban interchange configurations; surveillance; static traffic assignment and enhanced actuated controller logic. These new features and modifications which are described herin, are needed to evaluate the area-wide control and route guidance features indigenous to the Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS). The paper describes ongoing and planned activities for the TRAF-NETSIM model.
Abstract: This paper presents Traffic and Highway Objects for Research, Analysis and Understanding (THOREAU), an object-oriented traffic simulation tool for traffic engineers. It emphasizes the simulation of advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) and advanced traffic management systems (ATMS) as components of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The paper describes recent enhancements to THOREAU in the area of ATMS, namely the microsimulation of actuated signals and corridor-wide signal optimization in conjunction with route guidance and incident management.
Abstract: This thesis describes a new approach for developing large-scale object-oriented software systems, called Object Management Systems (OMS). The OMS development methodology consists of four stages: Domain Customization, System Architecture, Application Development, and System Test. The methodology is demonstrated by implementing the SmartAHS simulation framework, a Customized Object Model. SmartAHS is used to capture different Automated Highway System (AHS) designs and benchmark scenarios and to generate performance metrics through micro-simulation of the designs. The California PATH Program has proposed a hierarchical control architecture that yields up to a four-fold increase in transportation capacity while enhancing safety. This report demonstrates the use of SmartAHS by implementing elements of the PATH automation architecture. The resultant OMS Application is called SmartPATH.
Abstract: This article proposes a practical and effective simulation system (MITRAM) road traffic simulation system with the Microscopic model for analyzing TRAffic jaM in the broad areas) to solve problems in a congested road traffic simulation.
Abstract: This paper describes a microscopic simulation model, TRGMSM (road Traffic and Rail vehicles General Microscopic Simulation Model), which is developed as a design tool to investigate the interactions between Light Rail Transit (LRT) and road vehicles at intersections.
Abstract: This paper presents the SHIVA (Simulated Highways for Intelligent Vehicle Algorithms) program which addresses deficiencies present in existing microscopic traffic simulators with: 1) realistic sensor modeling, 2) support for communicating vehicles, 3) a variety of driver models, and, 4) efficient integration with real robots.
Abstract: This paper, which appears in a compendium of conference papers, describes the TRansportation ANalysis and SIMulation System (TRANSIMS) Project, the system's major modules, and the projects's near-term plans. TRANSIMS employs advanced computational and analytical techniques to create an integrated regional transportation systems analysis environment. The simulation environment includes a regional population of individual travelers and freight loads with travel activities and plans, whose individual interactions are simulated on the transportation system, and whose environmental impact is determined. An interim operational capability (IOC) for each major TRANSIMS module will be developed during the 5-year program. When the IOC is ready, a specific case study to confirm the IOC features, applicability, and readiness will be completed.
Abstract: This document summarizes the Transportation ANalysis and SIMulation System (TRANSIMS) Project, the systems's major modules, and the project's near-term plans. TRANSIMS will employ advanced computational and analytical techniques to create an integrated regional transportation systems analysis environment. The simulation environment will include a regional population of individual travelers and freight loads with travel activities and plans, whose individual interactions will be simulated on the transportation system, and whose environmental impact will be determined. An interim operational capability (IOC) will be developed for each major TRANSIMS module during the five-year program. When the IOC is ready, a special case study will be completed to confirm the IOC features, applicability, and readiness.
Abstract: The TRANSIMS Operational Description provides an overview of the TRANSIMS software framework. It discusses the relationships among the time scales, entities, and detail included in the TRANSIMS models and introduces the TRANSIMS architecture. The TRANSIMS architectural description includes the component functions and the information flow among them. Examples illustrate how transportation planners might use TRANSIMS to assess the implications of transportation systems infrastructure and policy changes.
Abstract: SMARTPATH is a simulation package for an automated highway system (AHS). The program may be used to understand how an AHS would perform under various control policies in terms of highway capacity, traffic flow, and other performance measures of interest to transportation system planners and engineers. SMARTPATH also can be used to test, simulate, and evaluate the performance of the designs of different modules and instrumentations like engine models, sensors, and communications. The package consists of two separate modules: simulation and animation. The animation program runs on Silicon Graphics workstations and the simulation runs on Sun Spare or Silicon Graphics workstations. The animation program produces a three-dimensional color animation of AHS traffic. SMARTPATH is a microsimulation: the system elements and the control policies are each individually modeled. The control policies are, for the most part, parametrically specified, so users can study the performance variations by changing the specifications. In this paper, the modeling of the basic elements of SMARTPATH is discussed. The organization of these elements in the simulation and the assumptions underlying the design, such as availability of certain communication infrastructure and appropriate sensors are described. SMARTPATH's computational performance is also summarized.
Abstract: The PARAMICS project has successfully demonstrated the application of discrete event simulation at a microscopic level to large road networks using parallel computers. The movement of some 200,000 vehicles on a 6000 link network can be simulated in multiple real time using a CRAY T3D with 256 processors. The PARAMICS-CM project now attempts to model advanced driver information systems installed over a wide area and the plausible behavioural response of drivers to certain Advanced Transport Telematics (ATT) devices. The paper introduces a number of simple data types which may be used to represent the information flowing between drivers and ATT devices. Behavioural response of drivers to such information is modelled using a formal rule language. Such rules may be invoked during the simulation to determine new routes for individual vehicles. Examples of rules used with the PARAMICS-CM simulator are presented and the parallel routeing algorithm developed for the project is described.
Abstract: Paramics is a software system for the simulation of congested traffic networks at the level of individual vehicles. It provides a scalable solution, operational across a wide range of hardware, from desktop workstations to the Cray T3D supercomputer. Depending on the nature of the application and computer platform, simulation of the behaviour of many thousands of vehicles may be undertaken at several times real time. Each vehicle in the simulation represents a driver/vehicle type, with associated characteristics, and as a consequence ATT systems, route guidance, route choice and pollution monitoring can be modelled at a microscopic level. Paramics is suitable for traffic management planning and policy evaluation at a strategic and local level, VMS strategy evaluation, the modelling of congestion and incidents, and other areas where a rapid reactive and proactive planning tool has application. The paper presents the current status of Paramics and indicates the direction of development with reference to two demonstration projects, one involving a UK motorway and the other a large city within a UK regional authority.
Abstract: No abstract provided.
Abstract: This paper reviews the functionality and features of five traffic simulation programs: FRESIM, NETSIM, CORFLO, METS, and AUTOS, which are compared with respect to 14 characteristics important for the assessment and analysis of network traffic flow under ITS. The ease and degree to which the simulation programs are able to represent the physical traffic environment, to approximate real-time performance, and to interact with other ITS components are reviewed along with the particular features of the respective simulation. A detailed description of AUTOS is provided. AUTOS stands for ATMS Universal Traffic Operation Simulation and is a macroscopic traffic model developed at the Georgia Tech Research Institute that is capable of validating many IVHS components.
Abstract: The paper has two main sections. The first section of the paper describes a new micro-simulation model of urban traffic in which drivers tend to swap towards a better route and a better transport mode. The second section illustrates the utility of the model by applying it to assess two alternative bus priority schemes at signalised junctions in the City of York. The first of these two alternatives tends to grant an absolute priority to any approaching bus, by retaining the green indication until the bus has exited the approach, while the other alternative operates similarly but according to a specified set of maximum and minimum green timings. Results comparing both methods, against each other, and comparing each to a non-bus-priority system are given. Finally, some initial tentative results for road pricing and traffic control are given for the York network.
Abstract: This paper describes DRACULA, a new kind of urban traffic assignment model under EPSRC-funded development since mid-1993. The major difference from conventional approaches is that DRACULA models the day to day evolution of traffic conditions, rather than some abstract long-term equilibrium state. Drivers respond to congestion through a learning sub-model, and daily select routes and departure times using a behavioural choice sub-model. A demand sub-model represents day-to-day variability in the network capacities (e.g. due to accidents). Finally, a traffic sub-model is used to move vehicles through the network on each day. Various forms and levels of detail of these sub-models may be selected by the user. At its most detailed level, DRACULA represents (i) the choices and experiences of individual drivers, and (ii) the movement of individual vehicles through the network ("microsimulation"), as these evolve in real-time and from day-to-day. The linking, for the first time, of such a detailed traffic model with an assignment capability has particularly important applications in the modelling of responsive signals (e.g. SCOOT) and environmental outputs, such as exhaust emissions. The application of DRACULA in an EC-funded study of driver information systems is presented as an example.
Abstract: SMARTPATH is a simulation package for an automated highway system (AHS). The program may be used to understand how an AHS would perform under various control policies in terms of highway capacity, traffic flow, and other performance measures of interest to transportation system planners and engineers. SMARTPATH also can be used to test, simulate, and evaluate the performance of the designs of different modules and instrumentations like engine models, sensors, and communications. The package consists of two separate modules: simulation and animation. The animation program runs on Silicon Graphics workstations and the simulation runs on Sun Spare or Silicon Graphics workstations. The animation program produces a three-dimensional color animation of AHS traffic. SMARTPATH is a microsimulation: the system elements and the control policies are each individually modeled. The control policies are, for the most part, parametrically specified, so users can study the performance variations by changing the specifications. In this paper, the modeling of the basic elements of SMARTPATH is discussed. The organization of these elements in the simulation and the assumptions underlying the design, such as availability of certain communication infrastructure and appropriate sensors are described. SMARTPATH's computational performance is also summarized.
Abstract: This paper presents three traffic network simulation methodologies for applications in Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS). The proposed methodologies have incorporated three key features essential for IVHS operations: (1) the capability of simulating both freeways and surface street networks as an integrated network; (2) a path-processing capability for representing individual driver's route choice behavior with and without access to Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS); and (3) the capability of simulating different subnetworks at different levels of detail so as to increase the execution speed for real-time operations. The three methodologies are macro-particle traffic simulation model (MPSM), modified MPSM (M-MPSM), and microscopic (MICRO) model.
Abstract: The TNO project Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS) is aiming at the development of an instrument for the assessment of the impacts of modern telematic technologies in traffic. By means of computer simulation, the consequences for safety, exhaust-gas emission, noise emission, and traffic performance will be weighed in an integrated manner. This instrument should ultimately be suitable for a wide range of Dynamic Traffic Management (DTM) applications. The general framework envisages a structure with both a microscopic and a macroscopic simulation model. Both models are linked in such a matter that processes can be modelled on a individual driver and vehicle level, but also that an efficient assessment can be provided on a network level. In the project reported in the present document, the MICroscopic model for Simulation if Intelligent Cruise control 1.1.(MIXIC 1.1.) was built.The driver, vehicle and AICC model have been integrated into MIXIC 1.1. Further, MIXIC 1.1 was equipped with a method for measuring shockwaves. MIXIC 1.1 was calibrated with respect to traffic performance and safety for Dutch motorway conditions.
Abstract: This article describes the use of a 3-dimensional animation of the TRAF-NETSIM model. The main features of the TRAF-NETSIM model, which provides a comprehensive description of vehicles travelling over an urban street network, are outlined. The linking of a special version of TRAF-NETSIM to a 3-dimensional rendering package is described. The result is a high quality image including such details as shadows, reflections, changes in traffic signals and indicator lights. It is suggested that the system will be particularly useful in offering a comparison of strategies and in 'selling' schemes to decision makers. Anticipated applications in the area of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems are suggested.
Abstract: No abstract provided.
Abstract: This publication is the reference manual of the HUTSIM traffic signal simulator software. The HUTSIM simulator consists of a microcomputer, a signal controller, and an adaptor unit that is needed to carry the signals between the computer and the controller. The HUTSIM software can handle either real traffic signals given by a signal controller or it can itself generate signals for the simulation. The requirements for the microcomputer are: a 386SX or better microprocessor, a mathematical coprocessor, a minimum of 640 kbyte of RAM, a minimum of 1 to 2 Mbyte of free hard disk space, a VGA color display card and monitor, a Microsoft compatible mouse, a vacant serial port (COM1), and Microsoft MS-DOS version 3.0 or newer.
Abstract: This paper presents an evaluation model that incorporates the driver response to information, the traffic flow behavior, and the resulting changes in the characteristics of network paths, into an integrated simulation framework. The traffic assignment model DYNASMART (DYnamic Network AssignmentSimulation Model for Advanced Road Telematics) is based on simulating individual vehicle movements according to macroscopic flow principles, the driver path selection behavior under information being explicitly modelled. Detailed modelling of intersection delays as well as a variety of traffic control options for both freeways and arterials are performed. The path-processing component is designed for efficient application of the framework to large and realistic networks. The model can be effectively used for studying alternative information supply and traffic control strategies undervarious levels of market penetration of in-vehicle ATIS (Advanced Traveler Information Systems) hardware. The paper also discusses its applicationto candidate networks.
Abstract: This paper describes a new car-following model which is part of a new microscopic traffic simulation model, Mimic, which in turn, is part of a knowledge-based expert system for estimation of road user impacts and environmental effects of the road traffic, called ESCORT. The hypotheses of the car-following model is that a driver reacts to the stimuli from the surround traffic by choosing a particular acceleration speed.
Abstract: This paper focuses on a road traffic simulation model called Mimic. It is a periodic-scanned microscopic traffic simulation model in which each vehicle and driver has individual characteristics, and with which the influence on each vehicle of other vehicles, road design, and physical environment can be calculated. The consequence models of the system estimate, for the road users and the environment, the most important effects of the road traffic. The road user effects considered in this system are traffic safety, travel time, vehicle costs and community serverance. The environmental impacts considered are air pollution, noise, and vibration.
Abstract: This paper describes a traffic flow simulator which uses a microscopic traffic flow model which calculates the movement of each vehicle. The purpose of the simulator is to estimate changes in traffic flow caused by such control measures as signal control, traffic regulations, etc., so that appropriate measures may be planned and evaluated in advance. It is also possible to quantitatively appraise the influence of such obstructions as illegal parking and road construction near intersections.
Abstract: Driving models are needed by many researchers to improve traffic safety and to advance autonomous vehicle design. However, existing models of driving manoeuvre selection are generally too abstract and do not describe the computation needed to select actions after observing objects. In this paper we present a dynamic task analysis and use it to develop a computational model of driving in traffic. This model has been implemented in a driving program called Ulysses as part of our research program in robot vehicle development. Ulysses encodes legal, safe and practical driving rules as constraints on acceleration and lane selection. The application of constraints depends on particular objects in the world; thus, when constraints are evaluated, they show exactly where the driver needs to look at that moment. We explain the specific knowledge in Ulysses with illustrations from a series of driving scenarios of increasing complexity. We also briefly discuss the computer perception system that Ulysses needs. Finally, we describe how Ulysses drives a robot in a simulated environment provided by our new traffic simulator called PHAROS, which is similar in spirit to previous simulators (such as NETSIM) but far more detailed. Our new driving model is a key component for developing autonomous vehicles and intelligent driver aids that operate in traffic, and provides a new tool for traffic research in general.
Abstract: The most difficult task of traffic simulation is to gather all the required input data and code them into a traffic simulation software compatible input stream. In this paper the basic idea of how to make use of the Geographic Information System (GIS) advantages in road traffic simulation is presented. The use of the GIS spatial database and its technology can, it is shown, reduce the time and effort required for traffic data collection and preparation. Among GIS software PC ARC/INFO was chosen, because it is one of the most widely-used GIS tools world-wide and because a lot of experience had been gained during research and professional work with PC ARC/INFO. TRAF-NETSIM (super R) was chosen for the same reasons as the representative software for traffic simulation. A two way connection between these two different softwares was established, and the final result is the ARCSIM System for Traffic Simulation. (A) The German title of this article is: ARCSIM, das Integrierte System fuer die Strassenverkehrs-simulierung.
Abstract: Recent state and federal clean air and congestion management legislation have increased the need for transportation engineers to be able to conduct detailed traffic operations analysis of their long range traffic forecasts. TRANPLAN, MINUTP, SYSTEM2, TMODEL/2 and EMME/2 all have available custom-made routines for analyzing the level of service of individual intersections. These routines, however, usually address only individual signalized intersections and offer only a limited selection of analysis methods. Some routines do not even perform 1985 Highway Capacity Manual operations analysis of signalized intersections. None are capable of analyzing signal or freeway systems. Many excellent operations analysis programs such as TRANSYT, PASSER, HCS, FREQ, and NETSIM are consequently unavailable to transportation planners because of the lack of a generalized interface to these programs. This paper explores various approaches for linking tansportation planning software to commonly available traffic operations software. Current practice and available techniques are discussed and critiqued. Performance criteria and data specifications are proposed for a general purpose interfacing program that would allow users to: (1) Input traffic forecasts and geometric data from transportation planning software into commonly available traffic operations software; (2) Process the data in the traffic operations software; and (3) Feed back the refined speed and delay forecasts into the transportation planning software.
Abstract: No abstract provided.
Abstract: The conference paper (also presented at the Nordic conference on better traffic signals, Goteborg in May 1992) deals with simulation as an evaluation instrument of traffic signalization. The paper deals with the question of how traffic can be treated as an object of simulation. In addition, it deals with the problems of the evaluation criteria of signal control and presents a new simulation system for traffic signal control evaluation (HUTSIM).
Abstract: The FEDIT Data Input preprocessor for FHWA's (Federal highway Administration) microscopic freeway simulation program, FRESIM, is described. The latter is a freeway design and operations analysis tool capable of analyzing, in great detail, large complex, or unusual freeway geometric configurations, and can help identify complicated and detailed interactions among different design, control, and traffic variables. It is noted that an efficient method of preparing the input data, while minimizing data input errors and the typical 'code-execute-debug' cycle, is thorugh the use of FRESIM Freeway EDITor program -FEDIT.
Abstract: The paper presents the microscopic traffic flow model AS (Autobahn Simulator). First a general description of microscopic models and their purpose is given. Following, the Autobahn Simulator AS is described in detail: longitudinal behaviour and lateral behaviour of the vehicles as well as their generation. Different vehicle types can be distinguished. Infrastructure (grades, interchanges, speed limits etc.) are represented by their influence on traffic flow. Following the description of the theoretical background of the model, implementation aspects are given as far as they are important for further understanding. Some major applications of AS are presented. The paper closes with an outlook on further activities.
Abstract: This paper describes MIMIC, a period-scanned microscopic traffic simulation model in which each vehicle and driver has individual characteristics, and in which the influence on each vehicle of other vehicles, road design, and the physical environment can be calculated. The status of every vehicle in terms of position, speed, acceleration, etc. is known at any given moment. This makes it possible to estimate the environmental impacts of each vehicle, performed in separate modules for each effect. The traffic simulation model and all environmental impact and road user models are gathered in a knowledge-based expert system known as ESCORT (Expert System for Estimating Consequences of Road Traffic).
Abstract: No abstract provided.
Abstract: In this report an evaluation is given of the simulation program SIMCO2/GANTRY, developed at the Technical University of Aachen, Germany. The Simulation of Intelligent Manoeuvring and COmmunications (SIMCO2) is a microscopic simulation program for road traffic. The most important application of SIMCO2 is motorway traffic. Other applications are rural roads, intersections, road narrowing scenarios and access ramps. From the investigations it is concluded that the program SIMCO2 does not reflect Dutch motorway traffic in a sufficient way when the parameters are chosen in a realistic way. In particular, the vehicle generation model is inadequate. There is a need for a clear, complete and detailed communication of the program and the underlying model.
Abstract: This international bibliography includes abstracts of English language reports, conference papers, books and journal articles on the design and management of urban and motorway traffic control strategies including traffic signal timing optimization, modelling, simulation, surveillance, etc. Specific programs include SCOOT, MOVA, TRANSYT, ARCADY2, NEMIS, SIGSIGN. These items have been selected from the material added to the Transport Research Laboratory's Library Database between 1990 and 1992.
Abstract: NEMIS was designed as a specific solution to the problem of on-street testing. Its ability to model large urban networks in microscopic detail makes it a valuable tool for testing traffic control strategies or techniques at local and area levels. The enhancement of the NEMIS microsimulator to facilitate the connection with real-time UTC systems is presented. Examples are the connection with the UTOPIA local controller (SPOT) and with the SCOOT system. The utility for simulating Public Transport is also considered: in the new NEMIS version, it is possible to provide reserved stages for public vehicles, to monitor the position of the vehicles and to communicate to UTC the forecast arrival times of buses. It is also possible to simulate signalised pedestrian crossings. Two examples of the possible use of the simulator are considered. Firstly, the simulations of a decentralised route guidance strategy are presented. The second example is the use of NEMIS on a part of the SALERNO network, in which different kinds of control strategies have been assessed.
Abstract: FREEVU (Freeway Evaluation with Visual Understanding) is a personal computer simulation model intended for freeway design and analysis. It allows the user to specify a freeway section, including lanes, grades, exits and entrances, posted speed limits, and detector locations. The section can then be viewed to confirm the proposed design. A variety of traffic situations can be specified, including percentage trucks, distribution of car and driver characteristics, and entrance and exit percentages. The user can simulate the traffic situation for various freeway design alternatives and then evaluate the design through two methods. First, the information from the specified detector locations can be used to evaluate average volumes, speeds, and densities over time. Second, an animation of the simulation results can be viewed to evaluate weaving sections, stability of traffic flow, impacts of trucks, and so forth. The model is a descendent of the simulation models INTRAS and FOMIS. As in these two models, vehicle movement is based on classic car-following theory and collision-avoidance restrictions. However, FREEVU also incorporates behavioral lane changing algorithms and vehicle performance constraints. FREEVU is user-friendly with extensive menus and default values. The simulation model has been evaluated using different sites and was generally found to represent simulation traffic flow accurately.
Abstract: This paper summarizes the principles and experiences gained so far in building and testing a new kind of simulator at the Helsinki University of Technology. In this simulator a real traffic signal controller is utilized as a part of the simulation system. The first trials on this principle started in 1985 and a third version simulator is under construction. The present simulator software is implemented using object-oriented programming and the Turbo-Pascal version 6.0. The name (HUTSIM) of the simulator comes from the name of the university. The simulation of a signal controlled intersection can be divided into three main components. These are the signal control, the intersection geometry and the traffic.
Abstract: The paper presents the microscopic traffic flow model AS (Autobahn Simulator). First a general description of microscopic models and their purpose is given. Following, the Autobahn Simulator AS is described in detail: longitudinal behaviour and lateral behaviour of the vehicles as well as their generation. Different vehicle types can be distinguished. Infrastructure (grades, interchanges, speed limits etc) are represented by their influence on traffic flow. Following the description of the theoretical background of the model, implementation aspects are given as far as they are important for further understanding. Some major application of AS within PROMETHEUS are presented. The paper closes with an outlook of further activities.
Abstract: This paper summarizes the work done on calibration of microsimulation model SPEACS. Work on SPEACS was originally started in PROMETHEUS with the implementation of the first relase of the software package; then, in the framework of DRIVE I Project DOMINC, some extension of the model for the simulation of ICC function was added and finally a suitable calibration was done. The report is organized in three sections; in the first a brief description of the model is given. In the second section the calibration procedure is described, which allows for calibrating SPEACS against real data and in the third section a real example is given.
Abstract: This paper presents the main features of the ICARUS computer simulation model of traffic flow. This microscopic model describes traffic flow under conditions of driving without real time information and the introduction of several degrees of interaction between advanced driver information systems and human reactions to them.
Abstract: This paper presents the basic principles of the design of INRETS' Casimir software for simulating on a personal computer the operation of a traffic signal at an isolated intersection. Casimir is derived from INRETS' microscopic vehicle simulation model SIMIR. Casimir has a simple human interface, enabling the user to choose the intersection geometry and set various parameters. At present, it can handle a fixed-time algorithm and three adaptive control algorithms: (1) vehicle-interval; (2) volume-interval; and (3) Miller's method. However, as yet, it can handle only setting cycles with two phases. For a given control algorithm, it calculates the following measures of effectiveness: (1) travel time; (2) stop time; (3) number of stops; (4) total distance travelled; (5) number of vehicles passing through the intersection during the simulation period; and (6) fuel consumption. Its operation is described for an example of a T-junction. Casimir allows the operation of isolated traffic signals to be understood in terms of factors such as control mode, turning movements and cycle times.
Abstract: This paper reports the achievements of DRIVE project V1054, ASTERIX, in the two first years of development. ASTERIX addresses two main tasks of DRIVE Workplan, T206: System and Scenario Simulation, and T307: Traffic Test Models for RTI (Road Transport Informatics) Applications. The main objective of ASTERIX is the development of a general purpose traffic simulation software for RTI assessment guaranteeing software portability, user-friendliness, various modelling capabilities, designed to use improved versions of already existing traffic simulation systems but enabled to integrate easily future simulators with new modelling capabilities. ASTERIX has developed a basic conceptual approach consisting of a System Shell that supplies a software environment interfacing the user, linking him to a multimodel transportation database and to traffic simulation systems like SATURN, CONTRAM, and SITRA-B, that work at different levels, in complementary scenarios, simulating different RTI systems. SATURN, CONTRAM, and SITRA-B have been deeply modified, or even newly coded, enabling them to model some of the new RTI systems envisaged by DRIVE.
Abstract: Most traffic models can now be run on a personal computer and can fulfil a variety of functions from optimising the phasing for traffic lights to simulating the effect of a new factory development. Many of the simpler models dealing with junction size, layout and performance such as PICARDY, TRANSYT and TRAFFICQ are incorporated into more sophisticated products. Models exist to predict the traffic flows on a network to find the arrangement of traffic flows to minimise total time or distance. Examples of this type of model are CONTRAM, SATURN, JAM and TRIPS. Basic junction and traffic engineering data is specified by the user and a matrix of flows between all relevant origins and destinations must be fed in. The author outlines the facilities available with each model, and lists possible suppliers giving examples of typical prices (December 1990). Some typical applications are being discussed and figures are given from a recent study on the usage of traffic model software by the London Boroughs.
Abstract: La promotion et la diffusion des techniques de gestion de trafic, par exemple aupres des collectivites locales, necessitent l' elaboration de logiciels pratiques, bien adaptes a l' evaluation d' etudes de cas. CASIMIR simule sur micro-ordinateur, de maniere interactive, le fonctionnement d' un carrefour a feux isole. Il fournit au technicien les elements necessaires a l' evaluation de l' efficacite de plusieurs algorithmes de regulation. Cet article de sensibilisation presente les principes de base regissant la conception du logiciel. Il decrit l' interface d' utilisation et les diverses fonctionnalites. L' interet de CASIMIR est egalement illustre, a travers une etude de sensibilite du critere consommation d' energie, en fonction de la duree du cycle de fonctionnement.
Abstract: This paper describes the new features and modifications incorporated in the NETSIM traffic simulation program, which is now a component of the TRAF simulation system in the USA. The current version of the model is therefore known as the TRAF-NETSIM program. The following new features have been added to TRAF-NETSIM: (1) actuated signal-controller logic 'Q5'; (2) ability to perform runs with identical traffic streams; (3) link-specific conditional turning movements; and (4) signal transition algorithms. Several major modifications have also been made to the simulation logic, primarily in order to resolve the problems encountered during the testing of the simulation program; these enhancements are concerned with: (1) vehicle generation; (2) overflowing turn pockets; (3) lane-change decision processes; (4) estimates of fuel consumption and vehicle emissions; (5) extensive testing and modification of several features, to represent traffic operations under severely congested conditions as realistically as possible; and (6) accurate representation of drivers; decision processes during the yellow interval for an unprotected left-turning movement. Extensions have also been made to the program's input-output capabilities, user interaction and computational efficiency. An IBM PC-compatible version of TRAF-NETSIM has also been developed.
Abstract: The paper describes TRAF-NETSIM, a microscopic computer software program that simulates individual vehicular behavior in response to any or all such factors such as traffic volume, signal operations, turning movements, pedestrians, intersection configurations, bus operations, parking maneuvers, and lane closures due to construction. The paper discusses some of the situations TRAF-NETSIM can analyze. TRAF-NETSIM requires an IBM ST, AT, 386, or PS/2 computer (compatible) with 640 kilobytes of memory, a hard disk, a coprocessor and a monochrome or color monitor.
Abstract: This paper presents information about the latest version of the NETSIM simulation model. Many new features have been added to the program. These include the following: actuated controller logic; identical traffic streams; conditional turning movements; and signal transition. Major modifications have been made to the simulation logic to resolve the problems encountered during the testing of the simulation program: to enhance the logic to represent complex decision processes, and to enhance and extend the input-output capabilities, user-interaction, and the computational efficiency of the program.
Abstract: The paper describes the integrated traffic data system (ITDS), a microcomputer-based system designed to allow traffic engineers to store, maintain, and update traffic network information in a centralized data base. The information may be used to create input data files for widely used traffic simulation and newtork signal-timing optimization models. ITDS provides a friendly preprocessor to models such as TRAF-NETSIM and TRANSYT-7F. Interactive and static displays have also been added.
Abstract: Ce rapport final, redige en anglais, concerne les travaux effectues en 1990
dans le domaine de la gestion du trafic routier, par l' equipe du transport du
DERA (Departement d' Etudes et de Recherche en Automatique). Les etudes,
realisees dans le cadre du projet europeen DRIVE, ont porte sur trois domaines
: Les algorithmes de routage dynamique (suivant un critere global), les
strategies pour l' amelioration de la prevention des congestions du trafic
(strategies temps reel type SCOOT et PRODYN). Pour tester les strategies de
commande et les algorithmes developpes, le simulateur SITRA-B, developpe au
CERT, a ete ameliore. Reecrit en langage C++, il offre, par ces ameliorations,
des facilites d' extension pour le futur. Une version francaise est en cours.
Abstract: NETSIM, now a component model of the TRAF simulation system, has been extensively modified over the past four years as part of a project to maintain and support the TRAF simulation software. Four new features have been added to the NETSIM simulation program: actuated controller logic, identical traffic streams, conditional turning movements, and signal transition. Several major modifications have also been made to the simulation logic to resolve the problems encountered during the acceptance testing of the simulation program; to enhance the logic to represent complex decision processes; and to enhance and extend the input-output capabilities, user-interaction and the computational efficiency of the program. These new features and the modifications incorporated in the TRAF-NETSIM simulation model are described in this paper.(A).
Abstract: La promotion et la diffusion des techniques de gestion du trafic, par exemple aupres des collectivites locales, necessitent l' elaboration de logiciels pratiques, bien adaptes a l' evaluation d' etudes de cas. Le developpement du logiciel CASIMIR s' inscrit dans cette perspective. Il simule sur micro-ordinateur, de maniere conviviale, le fonctionnement d' un carrefour a feux isole. Il fournit au technicien les elements necessaires a l' evaluation de l' efficacite de plusieurs algorithmes de regulation. Cet article de sensibilisation presente les principes de base regissant la conception du logiciel. Il decrit l' interface d' utilisation et des diverses fonctionnalites. L' interet de CASIMIR est egalement illustre, a travers une etude de sensibilite du critere consommation d' energie, en fonction de la duree du cycle de fonctionnement. (A). (Titres en anglais et en allemand : CASIMIR : a simulation tool for the operation of an isolated traffic signal ; Ein Simulationwerkzeug fuer den Betrieb von einzelnen Ampelkreuzungen).
Abstract: L' elaboration du logiciel casimir s' inscrit dans la perspective de mise en place d' une politique efficace de regulation des carrefours urbains. Concu a l' INRETS a la demande de l' agence francaise pour la maitrise de l' energie (afme), il permet de simuler, sur micro-ordinateur compatible IBM/PC, le fonctionnement d' un carrefour isole. casimir fournit des elements necessaires a l' evaluation de l' efficacite energetique de plusieurs algorithmes de regulation. Ce rapport presente tout d' abord les principes de base regissant la programmation du logiciel. un second chapitre decrit le mode d' utilisation et les diverses fonctionnalites. La suite du document est consacree a l' application de CASIMIR, a des tests de sensibilite du critere "energie" en fonction des differents facteurs: mode de regulation, duree du cycle, influence des mouvements tournants.
Abstract: PHAROS is a microscopic traffic simulator being created as a tool for mobile robot research. It will be used to develop a driving program to control a robot van which has been constructed at Carnegie-Mellon University. PHAROS encodes detailed information about the topology of the street network, the geometry of the streets, the nature of all surface markings, the locations of signs, and the indications of traffic signals. In addition, PHAROS simulates a fleet of vehicles moving realistically through the network. The appearance of the streets and the positions of the vehicles is used to compute the perceptual input that a robot driver would receive. The simulated network and vehicles are displayed in near real-time with animated graphics so that vehicle behavior can be observed directly. The mobile robot project of which PHAROS is a part is also described.
Abstract: Ce document s' adresse a tous les chercheurs ou praticiens dans le domaine du trafic qui ressentent dans leur travail le besoin d' une representation mathematique du deplacement de vehicules (voitures particulieres, autobus, navires) sur un reseau (voirie urbaine, autoroutes, chenaux) pour mieux rendre compte des phenomenes observes et pouvoir influer sur les conditions de deplacement. Il presente neuf modeles actuellement disponibles a l' inrets sur support informatique (DAVIS, INTRAS, MARIN, PHEDRE, SEVERE, SIMAUT, SIMILIBUS, SIMIR, SSMT).
Abstract: A CAR-following SIMulation model, CARSIM, with more realistic features to simulate not only normal traffic flow but also stop-and-go conditions on freeways, has been developed. The features of CARSIM are: (1) marginally safe spacings are provided for all vehicles, (2) start-up delays of vehicles are taken into account, (3) reaction times of drivers are randomly generated, (4) shorter reaction times are assigned at higher densities, and (5) dual behavior of traffic in congested and non-congested conditions is taken into consideration in developing the car-following logic of this model. The validation of CARSIM has been performed at microscopic and macroscopic levels. At the microscopic level, the speed change patterns and trajectories from CARSIM were compared with those from field data; whereas at the macroscopic level, average speed, density, and volume computed in CARSIM were compared with the values from real world traffic conditions. The regression analysis of siumlation results versus field data yielded R-squared values of 0.98 and higher, indicating that the results from CARSIM are very close to the values obtained from field data. One example of the application of CARSIM to study traffic-wave propagation is presented.
Abstract: Intense lane-changing maneuvers at weaving sections create turbulences that often lead to congestion. The study of the dynamics of traffic flow at weaving sections thus has the potential to generate benefits. This paper describes a microscopic simulation model, WEAVSIM, developed for such studies. Freeway Data Collection for Studying Vehicle Interaction, a project of the FHWA, produced data sets at weaving sections and other problem areas to facilitate the study of freeway operations and the enhancement of freeway simulation models. Some of these data sets have been used in testing WEAVSIM. The application of the model was demonstrated by a small-scale simulation study of weaving sections.
Abstract: Several studies pertaining to the modeling of freeway and arterial traffic movements were reviewed, but none of them were applicable to lane closure in construction work zone on arterials. Hence the goal was to develop a computer-based methodology for the evaluation of traffic control systems at arterial street lane closure in the vicinity of signalized intersections. More specific objectives were to develop a microscopic computer simulation model of traffic flow at arterial street lane closures, to derive a series of system measures of performance as an output of the model, and to validate the model's logic by using field data. Delay, fuel consumption, and queue buildup were used as the measures of effectiveness in validating the model. It was concluded that the model performs satisfactorily.
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